Item Name

Added Impurity (%)

Other Impurities (%)

Electric discharged power (eV)

Color code

pure Tungsten electrode

---

< 0.2%

4.5eV

Green

Thoriated Tungsten electrode

ThO₂ (0.90% ~ 1.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Yellow

ThO₂ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Red

ThO₂ (2.80% ~ 3.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Violet

ThO₂ (3.80% ~ 4.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Orange

Ceriated Tungsten electrode

CeO₂ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.7eV ~ 2.8eV

Grey

Lanthanated tungsten electrode

La₂O₃ (0.80% ~ 1.20%)

< 0.2%

2.8eV ~ 3.2eV

Black

La₂O₃ (1.30% ~ 1.70%)

< 0.2%

2.8eV ~ 3.0eV

Golden

La₂O₃ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

Azure

Yttriated Tungsten electrode

Y₂O₃ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.9eV

Blue

Zirconiated Tungsten electrode

ZrO₂ (0.20 ~ 0.40%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

Brown

ZrO₂ (0.70% ~ 0.90%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

White

composite electrode

CeO₂, ThO₂, La₂O₃, ZrO₂, Y₂O₃ (1.50% ~ 3.00%)

< 0.2%

Grass green

Item Name

Added Impurity (%)

Other Impurities (%)

Electric discharged power (eV)

Color code

pure Tungsten electrode

---

< 0.2%

4.5eV

Green

Thoriated Tungsten electrode

ThO₂ (0.90% ~ 1.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Yellow

ThO₂ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Red

ThO₂ (2.80% ~ 3.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Violet

ThO₂ (3.80% ~ 4.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.0eV

Orange

Ceriated Tungsten electrode

CeO₂ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.7eV ~ 2.8eV

Grey

Lanthanated tungsten electrode

La₂O₃ (0.80% ~ 1.20%)

< 0.2%

2.8eV ~ 3.2eV

Black

La₂O₃ (1.30% ~ 1.70%)

< 0.2%

2.8eV ~ 3.0eV

Golden

La₂O₃ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

Azure

Yttriated Tungsten electrode

Y₂O₃ (1.80% ~ 2.20%)

< 0.2%

2.0eV ~ 3.9eV

Blue

Zirconiated Tungsten electrode

ZrO₂ (0.20 ~ 0.40%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

Brown

ZrO₂ (0.70% ~ 0.90%)

< 0.2%

2.6eV ~ 2.7eV

White

composite electrode

CeO₂, ThO₂, La₂O₃, ZrO₂, Y₂O₃ (1.50% ~ 3.00%)

< 0.2%

Grass green

Feature

Molybdenum Electrode

Tungsten Electrode

Platinum Electrode

Key Composition/Types

Pure Molybdenum (Mo) or doped (e.g., Mo-La₂O₃)

Pure Tungsten (W) or doped (e.g., W-ThO₂, W-CeO₂, W-La₂O₃)

Pure Platinum (Pt) or alloys (e.g., Pt-Ir, Pt-Rh)

Melting Point (°C)

Very High (~2620)

Highest of all metals (~3422)

High (~1768)

Key Properties

Excellent high-temperature strength & creep resistance

Resistant to specific glass melts

Oxidizes readily in air at high temperatures

Extreme high-temperature strength

Stable in inert/reducing atmospheres, oxidizes in air

Excellent chemical inertness & corrosion resistance

Superior catalytic activity & conductivity

Reusable, very stable

Primary Applications

Glass Industry: Main heating electrodes in electric melting furnaces

Rare earth smelting, ceramic sintering

Welding: Non-consumable electrode for TIG/GTAW (different dopants for different currents)

High-temperature furnace heaters, lighting

Electrochemistry: Working electrode for analysis (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, CV)

Laboratory high-temperature sensing (thermocouples)

Catalyst for special chemical synthesis

Key Considerations

Requires a protective atmosphere or immersion in specific melts to prevent high-temperature oxidation.

Select doping type based on metal welded & current type (e.g., W-ThO₂/W-CeO₂ for DC welding).

Very high cost; avoid media that form surface alloys or cause strong adsorption.